@article{bibcite_1761,
  author = {Yimei Li and Bjarke Nielsen and Simon Levin and Aartjan Velthuis and Bryan Grenfell},
  editor = {Peter Kasson},
  title = {Spatio{\textendash}temporal modelling of in vitro influenza A virus infection: The impact of defective interfering particles on the type I interferon response},
  abstract = {<p>Defective interfering particles (DIPs) are incomplete viral genomes that modulate infection by competing with wild{\textendash}type viruses and activating the innate immune response. Activation of the immune response leads to the production of cytokines and chemokines, including type I interferon (IFN), which restricts viral growth and may cause cell death. How DIPs interact with type I interferon (IFN) in spatially structured environments remains unclear. Focusing here on influenza A viruses, we developed a spatially explicit, stochastic model of in vitro viral infection that integrates virus and DIP replication, IFN signalling, and alternative dispersal modes. We find that: (1) our model captures the ring{\textendash}like and patchy plaque morphologies observed experimentally; (2) IFN production peaks at an intermediate DIP ratio, reflecting a trade{\textendash}off between early immune activation and sufficient co{\textendash}infection; and (3) even a small fraction of long{\textendash}range spread by virus and DIPs enables escape from the immune-based containment despite long-range IFN diffusion; this causes stronger antiviral responses but earlier peaks in virus egress at similar levels of cell loss. The model is available as an interactive platform: https://shiny-spatial-infection-app-production.up.railway.app/ .</p>},
  year = {2026},
  journal = {PLOS Computational Biology},
  volume = {22},
  pages = {e1014198},
  publisher = {Public Library of Science (PLoS)},
  issn = {1553-7358},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pcbi.1014198},
}